Obesity and overweight are the second most major reasons of preventable deaths in America. Stagnant lifestyle and junk food is to be blamed for more than three hundred thousand deaths per annum. The sad thing is that this problem is on the rise. Obesity is a chronic disease which poses serious health risk to the health of an individual. Also, obesity is the easiest recognizable medical problem, but is very difficult to deal with.

People usually confuse obesity with overweight. Overweight is gaining of a few extra pounds. A person is considered obese when the total body weight is minimum ten percent more than the recommended weight for his/her body structure and height. According to an estimate every year hundred billion dollars are spent on the obesity problem. It is very important to treat the problem as early as possible. Obese children between the age of ten and thirteen have eighty percent chances of growing into obese adults, unless they change their ways and adopt a healthier lifestyle. The obesity problem starts from the age of five and continue till adolescence.

Obesity can be caused due to complex reasons including biological, genetic, cultural and behavioral factors. Usually a person gets obese when he/she consumes more calories than the body burns. Also there are fifty percent chances of becoming obese when both one of the parent is obese and when obesity has affected both the parents, the chances increases to eighty percent. One percent of obese people can have that fat because of health reasons, as obesity can be caused due to few medical disorders. The causes of obesity in adolescence are overeating, family history, bad eating habits, little or no exercise, medical illness, low self esteem, medications, depression, emotional problems, stressful life, and family problem. 

Obesity can cause many major problems. Some of them are diabetes, sleeping disorders, high blood pressure, breathing problems, emotional problems and increase in heart disease risk. Teenagers are more prone to get emotional problems. Because of the weight, they develop low self esteem. They get into depression, obsessive compulsion disorder and anxiety.

Adolescents who want to tackle the obesity problem should approach a pediatrician who will thoroughly evaluate the cause. If no physical disorder is to be blamed, the weight is reduced by limiting the calorie intake and increasing physical activity. The doctor can advice a weight management program and change the eating habits of the teenager, slowly. The patient must avoid oily, fatty, fast and junk food. The potions must be reduced in order to decrease the calorie intake. If the adolescent has developed emotional problems because of obesity, an adolescent psychiatrist can collaborate with the pediatrician in order to make a comprehensive plan for treatment. The plan includes reasonable goals, behavior modification, family participation, and management of physical activity.

Self motivation is extremely necessary in loosing weight. Because obesity is more a family problem and not an individual problem, the whole family can switch to eating healthy food and exercising regularly. This can make the weight control program a success. Parents can play a major role by boosting the self esteem of their children by concentrating on their strengths and encouraging them, instead of targeting the weight problem. The whole family should eat meals together, instead of eating individually while watching a movie. This helps all the members to focus on the food and the quantity being eaten. If the teenager isn’t getting support from his family members, he/she can join support groups which can help towards the goals.

After the adolescent has lost weight, it is very important that he/she maintains it. In majority of the cases, people shift back to their old eating habits after loosing weight. That is the reason why obesity is more of a lifetime issue. So the main aim of any weight loss program must be make the adolescent like healthy food. He/she must also be made to exercise regularly, irrespective of the weight.

STEP ONE

THE PUSH START

Everyone needs or deserve a push start. You got it when you entered college or university and if you never got it, then blaze a new trail and give your kid the push start they need in life. There are a number of ways to do this and you can use all or just one of the ideas listed below.

PUSH START #1

? Pay them to take an evening class and pass with credit or distinction or to enrol in college or university.

? Pay them to learn a new language or a musical instrument.

? Pay them to get A’s or B’s for a month, and when they get it, increase the reward until getting As and Bs become a habit.

? Pay them to study, then quiz them about what they’ve studied so you know that they didn’t cheat.

? Pay for them to read at least 2 books per weak and ask them to explain what they’ve read so you know they didn’t cheat.

? Pay them to participate in an extracurricular activity or to volunteer in a community organization – this usually gives them purpose in life and often straightens them out.

PUSH START # 2

? Negotiate with to have an extra hour out at weekends if it is safe to do so (in exchange for whatever you want them to accomplish).

? Negotiate with them privileges to have a television in their room, having friends over or visiting a friend’s home, keeping a party at their house in exchange to accomplishing a task that you set.

? Promise and fulfil a family vacation if they accomplish a task that you set for them.

? Give them the birthday party they’ve always wanted or the gift they’ve always wanted in exchange for accomplishing a task or goal.

? Give them their own credit card or allow them to use yours or offer other incentives if they can demonstrate certain levels responsibility.

STEP TWO

MEETING THEM HALF-WAY

Nothing can demonstrate more to your teen that you are a fair person and that you are interested in seeing things from their point of view, than to meet them half-way on an issue.

MEETING STRATEGY

? Negotiate with your teen to change something about yourself that they don’t like or change the way you do certain things in exchange for them to change something about themselves that you believe is negative or is of little value to their growth and development.

? Agree to go back to college if they will go and enrol in college.

? If they agree to save a certain amount of their allowances for a specific period of time – promise and fulfil the promise to give them the exact amount they’ve saved or double or triple it according to what you can afford.

? Promise to and fulfil that promise to help them with their work if they will become more disciplined.

? Show them that you care and are willing to meet them half way if they will put out some effort.

? If they are willing to take the initiative, praise them for it, however if they will not do that, then since you are the ones trying to inspire them to action, then you should take the initiative and let them know that you are prepared to give and take and work with them for their benefit. They will often appreciate this and will be willing to work with you.

? Preparing to meet half way is the heart of democracy and they will be learning this method of compromise which is necessary for all to function cohesively in society. You will thus be teaching them to be responsible, participative members of society.

? Meeting half way help both parties and fosters good relations and practices and both parties will feel like they are a part of a process that will lead to greater harmony, achievement and success.

STEP THREE

ACTION/REACTION

The law of movement states that to every action there is a reaction. Nothing can motivate your teens more than to see you in action. If you want them to do something, then you do it first. If you want them to achieve greatness, then achieve it first. Motivate your teens through your action.

ACTION TO PRECIPITATE REACTION

? Do something great. Set a goal to accomplish something that your teen will notice and appreciate about you and want to replicate, not necessarily the same action but a great action of their own.

? Project an attitude of positive optimism that can be rubbed off on your teen. If they see you continually motivated and optimistic and always moving towards a goal or action, chances are that they will want to follow you and they too will become motivated and optimistic. An optimistic person is goal oriented and can always achieve greatness.

? Pursue a worthwhile purpose or goal and inspire them to pursue their own. Motivate them towards a positive and rewarding cause.

? Start something and motivate your teen to start something of their own or to build with you by letting them know that whatever you start will go as a legacy to them should they start something of their own or build on what you’ve started. You’ve often wondered why the children of the rich are more focused, more likely to go to college and more likely to stay out of trouble. Well the answer is they are often motivated by what their parents have started and the legacy they will leave behind. They are inspired by who and what their parents are and want to emulate that. Success begets success. Success emulates success. Model success and our teens will want to model you. Essentially whatever action you want your teen to have a chain reaction from, whether it be charitable, voluntary, upward mobile achievement, educational success, discipline, morals or leadership skills, the essential action to get a chain reaction is to model whatever it is you want your delinquent teen to achieve. So, start something.

STEP FOUR

FLOODING THE HOUSE

What is flooding the house? The principle behind this is that if the house is flooded, then everything within the reach of the waters will be saturated with water. Therefore flood your teen’s mind with tangible evidence of success or with whatever it is you want to use to motivate them to action.

FLOODING STRATEGY

? If financial success is the kind of action you want to motivate your teen to, then flood them with examples of young starters achieving financial success, through reputable means.

? If you want to inspire action where education is concerned, then flood your teen with inexhaustible evidence of the benefit of a sound education. Be creative when you do it.

? If you want to inspire positive social action, then flood them with good examples of successful social action.

? If its morality, then flood with examples of the benefits of taking the moral stance.

? If you want to motivate them to give up drugs and alcohol, then flood them with the benefits of having a healthy mind and body.

? If you want to motivate them to lose weight, then flood them with beautiful examples of the desired weight pattern you wish them to emulate.

? If you want to inspire discipline, then flood them with beneficial examples of maintaining good discipline.

? If you want to goal directed action, then flood them with the benefits of setting and achieving successful goals.

? Whatever action you wish your teen to take, flood them with successful examples of such action previously taken. Just keep flooding them with active examples and show them how they can benefit if they should take similar action. The issue with flooding is that they become saturated and start to look and feel and will eventually act like the examples they’ve been flooded with.

STEP FIVE

MENTORING

An emerging but by no means new paradigm is mentoring. To mentor means to guide and that guide usually translates into influence. If you can mentor your teen or get a leader or positive role model to mentor your team, then you are well on your way to motivating your teen to positive action.

GUIDE TO SUCCESSFUL MENTORING

? The mentor must be an influencer

? The mentor must be a positive role model

? The mentor must be a motivator

? The mentor should be a leader

? The mentor should be a team-player

? The mentor should model successful attitude and behaviour and have a track record of success

? The mentor should be disciplined and trustworthy

? The mentor must be credible

? The mentor should be results oriented

? The mentor should be compassionate yet firm

? The mentor should have connections (whether community or religious based or of a higher hierarchy).

? The mentor should model positive social action

The success of the mentor is highly dependent on his or her ability to positively influence the teen to change, to inspire motivation for change and to interact with and engage the teen in mentoring opportunities. The key factor in this is to establish trust and guard that trust from early in the relationship. It is hard for a teen to trust an adult, especially one that he or she knows is trying to influence him to change, but if the trust factor can be settled form early in the relationship, then most of the mentor’s job would have been done for him.

Another key issue in being able to win the teen over to a higher motivated perspective is to be a friend to the teen while maintaining careful boundaries. If the respect and the trust is there and the boundary lines are clearly understood, then friendship makes the process easier, and the teen becomes more comfortable with any influence to change.

STEP SIX

NETWORKING

We have a saying here in Jamaica that two heads are better than one and that there is strength in numbers. This is even more so when we have delinquent teens on our hands. Networking can be a powerful tool in motivating support for families with delinquent teens as well as support for the delinquent teens themselves.

GUIDE TO NETWORKING

? Networking should be approached first from the perspective of the teen. As parents and guardians you can affect the action of your teens by facilitating troubled teen networking. Have teens in close geographical area with similar issues form support groups where they can voice their own issues and talk about the problems they have, the changes they want to make if any and their difficulty in coping with the expectation of their families, communities and country. Through this they can motivate and encourage each other and can come to a consensus among the group to try for change. They can also form accountability partners that will help them to become accountable with the decisions for change that they have made and any hindrances to pursuing or achieving such.

? Parents, guardians and interest groups can support this networking through facilitation and by pooling resources to hire professionals to work with this group, should they (the parents) find themselves deficient in fulfilling certain roles (not that the parents and guardians will shriek their responsibilities and obligations, but that they will have professional help to enhance what they are already doing).

? Parents, guardians and other interest groups should also network to form a special support group and think tank for and among themselves. Raising teens can be very stressful and trying to motivate the delinquent ones to action is a big job; therefore every opportunity should be pursed that can be beneficial to the process. They key to remember when networking is to offer support and find solutions.

STEP SEVEN

ENVIRONMENT

In a previous book, Motivating Yourself To Success, Health and Wellness, I advanced the view that the environment within which one is accustomed to, can affect to a positive or negative effect, the level of motivation that one feels. I’d like to broaden the concept of environment a bit by not just relegating it to a particular local, but to a state of mind. The environment is essentially where one resides or participates in on a regular basis and this is normally a physical reality that is compounded by many factors.

Environment can affect the level of motivation to the extent that it facilitates a peaceful, comfortable and relaxing atmosphere which is often necessary for motivation. In my previous book, I put forward the idea that if one’s environment did not offer a peaceful, relaxing and comfortable atmosphere within which one can breathe, then the person seeking to motivate himself, should strive to create their own little space where they can retreat to for inspiration. This might be their room, a private spot in the house or even a park for a one hour getaway. This might still not be an option for many persons that are limited by space, mobility or responsibility and selling the idea to a teen to create their own space might not go down well with a teen that is not lent towards independence. The onus is therefore on the parent or guardian to facilitate that environment of a peaceful and motivating atmosphere.

Again where limitations occur at a physical location, the idea of the environment not being just a physical place but a state of the mind is advocated. What I basically mean is that your teen where they cannot find that perfect environment within which to creatively achieve can be encouraged through channelling their themselves, to create that perfect space within their minds. Channelling the mind to be at rest can be a great motivator and dreams that are often accomplished are first envisioned. If your teen can envision the perfect environment within their minds and set it as a future achievable goal then they will often find great peace in their present circumstances. Helping your teen to envision their own little heaven can be achieved through introducing them to books that take them to a world beyond their own that is beautiful and achievable.

STEP EIGHT

FORECASTING

If one can envision it, then there is a possibility that one can have it. It is highly believed that the positive or negative that you speak into a child’s life can become a reality through them living out your expectations. We have a thing in Christianity that is called naming it and claiming it or speaking it into being, and motivationists believe that whatever they believe or profess can become a reality. Science even corroborates that a highly motivated and positive attitude can affect a person’s mental state or physical condition for the better. The idea behind forecasting is a spiritual science.

KEY POINTS

? Whatever it is that you want your teen to achieve, speak it into being.

? Profess to them that they can and will achieve.

? Let them know of the high expectations you have of them.

? Let them know that you believe in them and their abilities. Even if the evidence belies this, speak positively in their lives.

? Tell them good things. Make good predictions about their future. They will often be motivated to achieve the very things you predict.

? Encourage them to dream about the type of life they would like to have in the future, to forecast it. They will often start making plans mentally and otherwise to achieve their life’s goal. Where they lack the initiative, it is your job to guide them as to the steps they should take to fulfil their dreams.

? Let them know that the more positive they are about their future, the more likely they are to succeed in accomplishing their goals.

? The key to motivating a delinquent teen to action is to motivate them by allowing them to see or forecast the positive results or benefits of change or action as opposed to in-action, laziness, indecisiveness, lack of direction and focus.

? If they can’t envision the future, then paint the picture for them and show them a beautiful world where the sky is no limit as to what is achievable and possible and that it can all be theirs if they just try.

? Even if there is no evidence of such according to their present behaviour, paint a picture of success for them should they change their behaviour.

? Let them know that setting and achieving their life’s goal is highly possible and will happen should they take the necessary steps.

STEP NINE

RE-EDUCATION

Re-education is exactly what it suggests, re-educating our challenged teens with the desired information we would like them to have. Some might think that this is impossible as their personalities are already formed and they are already highly influenced by what they have inculcated through the various education media. This is not an impossible task however as our teens are highly impressionable. They can be re-educated with positive values and attitudes.

In choosing to re-educate parents can network to do this or they can change the atmosphere around their living environs.

EXAMPLES

? Change the type of general music that everyone listens to around the house if it is not positive. This can be introduced gently to the family by advocating an investigation of different musical genres to see if they can be influence to change their taste or for discussion at the table. The move to reshape the level of influence of one’s musical tastes can be a contest. It can be proposed that there should be test to see if one will retain or can change or add a new musical liking to their present ones by listening to a set of new positive genre of music.

? Change the type of discussions that you have around the dinner table. Start taking about national and social issues if you never used to do so.

? Ask your teen to read a column in a newspaper discussing an important subject and ask their opinion of it. Do this often.

? Ask their opinions of national issues.

? Buy books that you’d like them to read that are interesting and confront important social, moral or national issues and ask them to give their opinions of it. Let them know that their opinions are valued and appreciated.

? Have discussions at special family or social gatherings and invite the teens of the community or social group to discuss issues that confront them, and have them prepare for such discussions by researching.

STEP TEN

BEFRIENDING THE PEER

The greatest challenge to teen achievement is negative peer pressure, and a big percentage of our teens are highly influenced by their peers, some negatively. Our delinquent teens are often the product of negative peer influence. The parent or guardian that wishes to motivate his teen to action should combat the negative effects of peer pressure by befriending the peer. If you can befriend the peer that is influencing your teen and in turn re-influence that peer, then you can help your teen in a two-fold way. You teen will see you influencing their peer and will often turn to you for some of that positive influence and their friend will also influence them based on your influence on their friends.

KEYS TO DO THIS

? Invite that peer over and get to know him or her. Even if you don’t approve of them, you’ll want to invite them over to first get a picture of the type of person that is influencing your teen.

? You’ll then want to engage them in conversation. Talk to them and question them.

? Be respectful and kind to them.

? Use some of the earlier strategies mentioned like re-educating. Invite them to give input in your family discussions. Ask them to read the same articles you’ve asked your teen to read and let them give their opinion. They will feel included and welcomed and will often responded by taking the time to read whatever it is that you’ve asked them to read. Of course it is taken for granted here that whatever you ask them to read will be wholesome, age appropriate and in no way harmful to them psychologically or otherwise, as your intent is to motivate towards positive change. The case is, even if you introduced the concept of subtly re-educating your teen and they were not receptive; when they see their peer being receptive to your ideas, they will be motivated to participate because they will not want to feel left out. The life of a teen is inclusivism and being a part of the group. If you can befriend the peer and influence them to influence your child then you’d have won back your teen and making progress towards focused goal achievement and success. It is very possible. All you have to do is believe and try. God bless you.

TANGIBLE INCENTIVE PROGRAMS IN SCHOOLS

Successful, positive behaviour is a problem in all of our schools today and educational professionals are struggling to come up with ways to positively impact and motivate our students to right action.

Many strategies have been tried and failed and even where there are incentive programs that tries to reinforce positive behaviour, this often fails because the students are not sufficiently motivated by the tangibility of these programs.

Incentive programs in our schools and homes should be tangible. We live in a materialistic world and unless we are prepared to reward our delinquent students with rewards and incentive that they can touch and appreciate, their behaviour will not change.

You might say to reward on the basis of materialism is to encourage the behaviour. The reality of our post-modern era however, is that persons react and achieve on the basis of what they can see and touch, and on the basis of value. It is hoped that they will overtime learn responsible behaviour. What will be gained from a tangible incentive behaviour program is the fact that positive behaviour pays.

TANGIBLE INCENTIVE PROGRAMS THAT CAN MODELED

One particular school have a demerit system whereby students can earn demerits for positive or negative behaviour, poor or excellent attitude towards work and school. This program works for the minority who are easily scared but failed for those who are less responsible and are highly agitated and adventurous. The long-term effect of the program to some extent does not benefit the students who are more likely to be disruptive. These students are constantly getting demerits and will eventually lose any privileges for the rest of their school life; as a result they fail to phased or care about getting a demerit. An improvement of this system is suggested below.

? The system of rewards can be administered individually by a teacher or at the management level by school administrators. It is suggested that one or more of the following systems be adopted.

1. Students can be placed in groups with group leaders chosen. Each group can be assigned certain merits or currency (make believe money) per week. Based on the amount of merits or currency earned or deducted, students will be given rewards.

2. Currency or Merits can be banked, meaning that for currency or merits that were not used for one weak can be carried forward to the other week.

3. Currency or Merits should be awarded for excellent work, good behaviour or for any other necessary details that the institution requires. Examples of types of rewards that can be given are listed below.

• On a class level, each class can operate an incentive closet or goodies basket from which to reward each member of a group that had positive behaviour or work for the previous week. Things to include in the basket are: Typed class notes, Class Notes on CD-ROMS, Floppy Disks with class notes, Burned music CDs and movie DVDs with appropriate content (The School could subscribe to an online website where music and movies can be downloaded, they could easily burn these and give them to the students – copyright would not be a problem as they would not be sold). Note Books, Pens, Pencils, Floppy Disks, Blank disks or any other incentive or rewards deemed necessary for the class level.

• On a class level, the group with the highest level of currency or merits per week would get to listen to their favourite music or music video at the start of the class. (Each class could be equipped with a radio and a TV/VIDEO/DVD)

• At the Institutional Level – An incentive shop should be operated where students can purchase things at the end of the month with their currency that they have not used at the class level or that which may have gained as extras. The shop would sell things like (with make the believe currency that the student have) New DVD movies, New Music CDs and Videos, New Games, IPods and all the little electronic gadgets that kids go crazy about and or other rewards.

• At the Institutional level also – the entire class or grade or school if discipline and good work can be maintained for a certain period of time – example one month – can get to watch a live movie at the school. A multimedia projector system could be set up where large groups can watch the movie or stage show.

• At the institutional level – a bi-monthly or quarterly concert could be held at the school if good behaviour and excellent work can be achieved for that particular period of one month or three months.

• An all expense paid class trip or school trip could be planned for the class with the highest level of merits or currency for a particular period of time.

CONCLUSION

The heart of any system or methodology to motivate teens that is delinquent or non-participatory is has to be focused, interactive and duplicable. The ten steps advanced in this book are decisive and should bring about successful results for those who embrace its concepts responsibly and seek to duplicate it. Our delinquent teens need to be motivated to action and this motivation is most effective if the caregivers are the ones to inspire the motivation in their youths. Be creative, responsible, enthusiastic and understanding as you seek to motivate your teen to optimal levels of achievement.

Have a successful, motivational teen challenge!

Obesity surgery has been considered to be one of the best options to get permanent weight loss benefit or to cure morbid obesity that has often been linked to additional health disorders such as type 2 diabetes, heart disease, high blood pressure, acid reflux, and obstructive sleep apnea. And these problems often arise due to obesity or excess weight. If dieting schedules and exercise programmes prove ineffective then you can opt to get obesity surgery. It’s true that too many people who have lived with obesity for years have got a a severe negative impact on their quality of life. Because of morbid obesity and excess body weight, they have experienced a setback on their social life, daily routine, romance as well as career choices. The obesity experts of India affliated with Indian medical tourism have set a good success rate in providing weight reduction through obesity surgery procedures like gastric bypass, lap band treatment and gastric sleeve surgery with the best medical care at a low cost. So you can get obesity surgery in India at Delhi, Goa or Hyderabad for assured weight loss benefit.

If you are obese and your body is suffering with loads of excess weight and can’t lose pounds with a healthy diet and exercise, then obesity surgery might be an option for you. Obesity or weight loss surgery is recommended for men who are at least 100 pounds overweight and for women who are at least 80 pounds overweight. If you also have diabetes, heart disease or sleep apnea and are over weight  then also obesity surgery could serve your purpose because weight reduction automatiocally cures these problems. Obesity surgery is undertaken by various modes or procedures that have different outputs according to the requirements of the patients they are mainly gastric bypass surgery or roux-n-gastric bypass surgery, lap band surgery or gastric band surgery, revision gastric bypass surgery, gastric sleeve surgery or sleeve gastrectomy. Most patients lose between 60% and 85% of their excess body weight within 1 year after getting outpatient obesity procedures like gastric bypass surgery and lap band surgery. After getting obesity surgery the patient gets additional health benefits like cure of high blood pressure, high cholesterol, diabetes mellitus, heart disease, gastroesophageal reflux disease and degenerative joint disease. Post operative benefits of obesity surgery are: patients can begin to get around easily and feel confident in facing certain public situations,  patients can participate in activities with their families, such as going on amusement park rides, and enjoy everyday activities and patients notice improved levels of energy due to their weight loss. They feel they are no longer “carrying around an extra person”.

India is promoting the “high-tech healing” of its private healthcare sector as a tourist attraction thus promoting medical tourism that is helping international patients to get medical treatment with the latest healthcare facilities at reduced costs. Indian government is upgrading the medical infrastructure of obesity surgery hospitals in India at Delhi, Mumbai and Bangalore thus attracting foreigners for travelling to India for low-cost but world-class medical treatment. The cost of obesity surgery at Indian hospitals is 1/10th to that in western medical destinations. Indian medical tourism and Indian doctors have fulfilled the expectations of patients who approached them. India is an ancient land rich in cultural heritage so when you come here for an outpatient medical treatment you should explore its favorite tourist destinations and you will be given a chance to do it by the affliated Indian obesity surgery hospitals. Uninsured obese patients living abroad are being financed by reputed finance institutions of Canada and U.S that are affliated to Indian medical institutions. You may get more consultation on low cost obesity surgery in India at http://www.forerunnershealthcare.com or mail queries at enquiry@forerunnershealthcare.com 

Obesity Treatment

Do you know the rate of obesity patients are increasing day by day in United States. The number of obesity patients are getting doubled and tripled year by year. Statistical report shows that the death rate for obese people is getting higher. So what is the solution for obesity treatment, how can we manage obesity?

Before learning more on obesity treatment one should know

What does obesity mean?

When can we say he/she is suffering from obesity?

What are the causes of obesity?

What are the types of obesity?

Obesity

Obesity is defined as excess total body fat which results from more calorie intake that exceeds energy usage and is considered as a serious disease which may require proper treatment.

Obese Patients:

One can get to know that he/she is obese with Body Mass Index value (Body Mass Index helps to measure body fat based on height and weight). You can check your BMI value using a BMI calculator

Obesity causes:

Though there are more causes for obesity the main causes are eating habits and your inherited genes.

Obesity treatment:How can obesity be treated? Obesity can be treated with self care at early stages. Medications or surgery may be required during extreme stages. The treatment you may require depends on health risks for other diseases and the causes for your obesity.

Self care:

Obesity patients can follow proper diet to reduce their calories (consultation with diet physician is required). Regular exercise can result in weight loss. Drug treatment can be done for patients having BMI value between 27 and 30.

Obesity treatment for extreme stages – Obesity weight loss surgery is considered as the last resort to treat morbid obesity and super obesity.

There are more surgical options available.

Biliopancreatic diversion

In this surgery weight loss is achieved by reducing the absorption of fat. 2/3 rd of the stomach is removed and remaining small stomach pouch is connected to the final segment of the small intestine which reduces fat absorption. This procedure changes the normal process of digestion. Since this procedure is little complex weight loss surgery only experienced bariatric weight loss surgeons perform Biliopancreatic diversion surgery

Tube Gastrectomy

Tube gastrectomy also called as sleeve gasterctomy is an irreversible weight loss surgery in which lateral 2/3rds of the stomach is removed using a stapling device leaving a stomach tube instead of stomach sack. This surgery is also called as stomach stapling surgery. This obesity surgery can be done with laparoscopic methods

Roux En Y Gastric bypass

In this procedure a small stomach pouch is created (which reduces food intake) and is connected with the Y shaped tube of the small intestine (bypassing the duodenum and jejunum). This bypass is done to reduce the calorie intake

Laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding

Lap band surgery is known for its minimally invasive approach and is the onlly reversible weight loss surgery. In this obesity surgery a hollow band is placed around the upper end of the stomach which creates a small pouch and a narrow passage. This band is inflated with a salt solution and is adjustable (can be tightened or loosened based on the need).

Other than these surgeries there is a non-surgical which is widely accepted by obesity patients Bioenterics Intragastric Balloon

Obesity means having too much body fat. Obesity can run in families, but just how much is due to genes is hard to determine. Obesity is mainly caused by taking in more calories than are used up in physical activity and daily life. Obesity puts you at greater risk of developing high blood pressure, diabetes and many other serious health problems. Obesity is also increasing rapidly throughout the world. Obesity also can lead to stroke, greater risk for certain cancers such as ****** or colon cancer, and even death. Obesity is not just a cosmetic consideration; it is a dire health dilemma directly harmful to one’s health. Obesity occurs over time when you eat more calories than you use. The balance between calories-in and calories-out differs for each person. In the United States, roughly 300,000 deaths per year are directly related to obesity, and more than 80% of these deaths are in patients with a BMI over 30. In the United States, women are slightly more at risk for becoming obese than men. Genetic factors play some part in the development of obesity.

Obesity is a disease that needs to be taken seriously. Obesity is one of the few remaining socially sanctioned prejudices. There are four widely shared, inaccurate stereotypes about obesity which perpetuate the prejudice against fat people. Some Common myths and facts associated with Obesity. First is People only become obese and overweight because they do not engage in weight loss efforts including physical activity and have unhealthy eating habits and facts is Obesity is not always a behavioral issue. Although physical activity and eating habits are major contributors to obesity, there are other elements to consider in evaluating causes of obesity. Second myth is only prevalent in developed countries that foster indulgent lifestyles, with poor diets and lack of exercise and facts is economically advanced regions of developing countries, prevalence rates of obesity may be as high as rates in industrialized countries. Contrary to popular opinion, in developing countries, where malnutrition levels are high, there are also reported cases of obesity.

Third myths is Obesity affecting those who are moderately obese as well. But the Framingham study showed that “over” weight women had a lower mortality risk than “under” weight women. Fourth myths is weight gain in women over time is healthy and part of a natural aging process and fact is weight gain of more than 20 pounds is not a normal part of the maturation process and may actually increase a woman’s risk of obesity-related disease. Fifth myth is obese individuals should attempt to lose a large amount of weight as quickly as possible but fact is actually, weight loss – especially fast weight loss (more than three pounds per week) or loss of a large amount of weight – can increase the risk of developing gallstones. The highest mortality (death) rate for women was for those who were “under” weight. The lowest mortality rates were for women 10 per cent and 20 per cent over average weight. and last six myth is osteoarthritis only develops when an individual gains a large amount of weight over a short time period but fact is timing is not a major factor in the development of osteoarthritis.

Motivation is of particular interest to Educational psychologists because of the crucial role it plays in student learning.  Motivation in education can have several effects on how students learn and their behaviour towards subject matter (Ormrod, 2003).  Motivation has been found to be a pivotal area in treating Autism Spectrum Disorders, as in Pivotal Response Therapy.  Motivation is also an important element in the concept of Andragogy (what motivates the adult learner).  Motivation by threat is a dead-end strategy, and naturally staff are more attracted to the opportunity side of the motivation curve than the threat side.  Motivational strategies need to be applied individually and changed frequently so that they do not become ineffective through over use.

Motivation

According to Geen, motivation refers to the initiation, direction, intensity and persistence of human behaviour.  Some authors distinguish between two forms of intrinsic motivation: one based on enjoyment, the other on obligation.  There is currently no universal theory to explain the origin or elements of intrinsic motivation, and most explanations combine elements of Fritz Heider’s attribution theory, Bandura’s work on self-efficacy and other studies relating to locus of control and goal orientation. 

Note that the idea of reward for achievement is absent from this model of intrinsic motivation, since rewards are an extrinsic factor.  In work environments, money may provide a more powerful extrinsic factor than the intrinsic motivation provided by an enjoyable workplace.  Successful coercion sometimes can take priority over other types of motivation.  The self-control of motivation is increasingly understood as a subset of emotional intelligence; a person may be highly intelligent according to a more conservative definition (as measured by many intelligence tests), yet unmotivated to dedicate this intelligence to certain tasks. 

Abraham Maslow’s hierarchy of human needs theory is the most widely discussed theory of motivation.  Frederick Herzberg’s two-factor theory, aka intrinsic/extrinsic motivation, concludes that certain factors in the workplace result in job satisfaction, but if absent, lead to dissatisfaction.  To understand how to control motivation it is first necessary to understand why many people lack motivation. 

It is usually suggested that it is critical to maintain a list of tasks, with a distinction between those which are completed and those which are not, thereby moving some of the required motivation for their completion from the tasks themselves into a “meta-task”, namely the processing of the tasks in the task list, which can become a routine.  However, the specific kind of motivation that is studied in the specialized setting of education differs qualitatively from the more general forms of motivation studied by psychologists in other fields. 

Because students are not always internally motivated, they sometimes need situated motivation, which is found in environmental conditions that the teacher creates.  There are two kinds of motivation: Intrinsic motivation occurs when people are internally motivated to do something because it either brings them pleasure, they think it is important, or they feel that what they are learning is significant. 

At lower levels of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, such as Physiological needs, money is a motivator; however it tends to have a motivating effect on staff that lasts only for a short period (in accordance with Herzberg’s two-factor model of motivation).  At higher levels of the hierarchy, praise, respect, recognition, empowerment and a sense of belonging are far more powerful motivators than money, as both Abraham Maslow’s theory of motivation and Douglas McGregor’s Theory X and theory Y (pertaining to the theory of leadership) demonstrate. 

According to the system of scientific management developed by Frederick Winslow Taylor, a worker’s motivation is solely determined by pay, and therefore management need not consider psychological or social aspects of work.  In essence scientific management bases human motivation wholly on extrinsic rewards and discards the idea of intrinsic rewards. 

In contrast, David McClelland believed that workers could not be motivated by the mere need for money– in fact, extrinsic motivation (e.  , money) could extinguish intrinsic motivation such as achievement motivation, though money could be used as an indicator of success for various motives, e.

Motivation is of particular interest to Educational psychologists because of the crucial role it plays in student learning.  Motivation has been found to be a pivotal area in treating Autism Spectrum Disorders, as in Pivotal Response Therapy.  Motivation by threat is a dead-end strategy, and naturally staff is more attracted to the opportunity side of the motivation curve than the threat side.  Motivation is the key to performance improvement. 

Motivation is, in effect, a means to reduce and manipulate this gap.  Motivational strategies need to be applied individually and changed frequently so that they do not become ineffective through over use.  Motivation is a pivotal concept in most theories of learning.  Motivation to achieve is a function of the individual’s desire for success, the expectancy of success, and the incentives provided.  Motivation is divided into two basic types: integrative and instrumental. 

Motivation is an important factor in L2 achievement.  Motivation’s philosophy is based on commitment towards ‘enhancing the quality of life of people with disabilities’ through the provision of appropriate mobility devices (wheelchairs and prosthetic limbs), professional services such as physiotherapy, economic empowerment (via job fairs, vocational training, job placements) and advocating basic human rights.  Motivation depends on many factors with the primary factor being the power of your dreams.

Being a successful real estate investor requires you to consistently find motivated seller. If you are not finding motivated sellers on a consistent basis then your business is going to dry up and disappear.

This is Part  One of Finding Motivated Sellers by Terry Wygal

Have you ever been tired of finding motivated sellers? Seems like you’ve done everything you can but you are not making any deal in return? Well, there are certain strategies that work better than others. Check out what works best for you!

How to Find Motivated Sellers in Real Quick and Easy Ways

If you have been long in the real estate business, you may have known the fact that targeting motivated sellers results in successful real estate investing. And if this is your first time to engage in real estate investing, then you have to know by now how important it is to find truly motivated sellers in order to get ahead in the business. You probably have a lot of questions going on around your head and you ponder on how you can do this exactly.

You may have spent a great amount of time, money, and effort in finding motivated sellers—sellers who want to solve their financial worries and are eager to get rid of their houses. Yet you can’t find one who is truly motivated despite using all the strategies you’ve learned. So you sit down in one corner and wonder just how to create a steady stream of motivated sellers calling you every day. Little did you know that you don’t have to get burned out as there are quick and easy ways in finding truly motivated sellers. Check the following strategies to help you ease this burden, gain success and start living your dream whatever it is.

Define your Goals

First and foremost, in whatever thing you strive for, it is necessary for you to define your goals. You need to find out what you want to do, why in the first place you engaged in this kind of business, what is the business all about, and what can you get from this, and so on and so forth. You may need to ask yourself with questions like: What is my goal? Why do I want to be successful? By knowing such things, you get the essential tools to be fully equipped before you go on and get success. Defining your goals will somehow help you come up with a set of guidelines, thus giving you a motivation to do whatever it is in order to achieve your set of goals and with this one we will focus on finding motivated sellers.

This will serve as your driving force and guiding light in achieving whatever it is that you aimed for. If you have them clear and precise, your set of goals will be of much importance for you to have that motivation to find motivated sellers which is itself a goal when we talk about real estate.

Aim for Actual Factual Deals

For this one to work, you need to determine the real thing with what you have been hearing and you have been learning, to what really works. Take note of the last word: Pick what works. You will hear a lot about how to find deals, how to work the deals, and all that stuff but always remember it all comes back to what is it that you want to do with your newfound freedom—total financial freedom. If you are finally decided to do real estate investing and thought of it as a better way to make a living, then you need to identify what is a real deal from what is not.

In order to achieve this, learn the necessary skills from the experts in real estate investing and equipped yourself with the necessary knowledge. If you’re wholesaling a house, which is the easiest way for anyone to get started, you have to have several factors. Looking for motivated sellers you have to find out or try to figure out who’s likely to be a prime candidate for that and you can start the ball rolling.

Overcome the Fear to Implement

As real experts put it, the difference between somebody who is successful and then who’s financially free and have everything that they want to have, is it’s implementation and the only thing that stops you from getting success alike is the fear of making a mistake. So how do you overcome this? Well, there are some things you can do to overcome your fears unless you are afraid to execute these things. When it comes to this business, you need to put into your mind and heart that you should be able to find a highly motivated seller. This will keep you motivated as well. Set aside those scary thoughts so you can start off discussing what your business is with them. Remember that in order to start off, you must overcome the fear to implement and face the deals squarely.

On the other hand, what’s the worst that can happen to you if you get a phone call and you don’t know what to say? Well, you could practice. Remember the old adage?”Practice makes perfect. They’re not going to hang up on you if you don’t know what to say. The only person who sounds nervous on that or who thinks they sound nervous is you. It’s in your mind. It’s not in the seller’s mind because the motivated sellers need you.

Communicate Clearly and Get Into the Business

One interesting thing about this business is that the motivated seller actually needs you as much as you need him/her.

You need to recognize this fact and grab the chance and narrow down what’s the motivation? Because if you know what the motivation is , you can now bring it to a screeching halt and provide a solution to what their needs are. Ask questions like “Tell me about your property. Let me get your phone number in case we somehow get disconnected so I can call you back or Tell me about your situation, etc.”

Know who you are dealing with, ask them if they’re the sole owner, know the person who makes the decision and things like that. Get their contact number and as much as possible ask for the best contact number you can reach them back at. You need to do this because the number they’re calling on may not be the best number.

Always leave your phone number. If you get into conversations with sellers then you’re setting up dates to go back and see them and you’re having to leave messages to verify appointments or whatever. However, there is a tendency that they might lose it. Do not forget to leave your phone number into every message.

Learn How to Get On and Off the Phone

When you start to market for houses you’re going to get a ton of call, that’s irrefutable. By all odds, you will take a lot of calls. One of the key things you need to find out is somebody who’s motivated. The strategy is to narrow it down as soon as possible to the most motivated person. If you go after the motivated person from the beginning you’ll get a tremendous chance to succeed.

But you have to take note of this, you will take somewhere around 100 phone calls to get 3 deals. You will filter out 99% of the calls that you get are going to be junk, going to be tire kickers, going to be people who are not motivated. Learn to get on that phone quick, learn to get off the phone quick if there’s no motivation.

Negotiate with people who are motivated. Know how to get on and off the phone. Would you want to prolong a conversation with someone who is not going to put money in your pocket? You know there are some things you can help with, and some things you can’t. Learn to know that if it’s not a deal and will not help you at all, get off the phone.

Just get off the phone. If you did your marketing right to the people who are up here and you matched your message to it you now know that the odds when your phone rings is that you’ve got somebody who has a very strong potential of having a deal for you.

Maximize the Use of the WWW

What do we mean by this? The widespread use of the Internet nowadays is quite undeniable, be it for education, for entertainment or for business purposes. And when it comes to real estate investments, home buyers, home sellers are now using the Internet more than ever before. They are searching online for people who can help them on either end. And you can use this to your utmost advantage aside from doing your researches online.

Maximize the use of the web if you want to earn something greater than you have expected. You can work on a website, however, make sure you get a website that looks nice, professional, and user-friendly. Now, there’s two schools of thought to the website. One is that it is absolutely mandatory for people today. They don’t cost that much. The main thing is that you have to drive traffic to it. One simple way to do that is, on every marketing page you have, you put your website on there.

Now, that’s how you get motivated people contacting you, they find you in the Internet, they pick up the phone and call you up or they enter that information in—information and important details that you need very much. You could then do your research before contacting them and do the next step ahead.

 

When people talk about depression, they usually mean a person who is feeling down and lethargic, and who has generally lost interest in life. Most people don’t realize that there are many different types of depression a person can be suffering from, with each type often showing different symptoms.

While this isn’t an exhaustive list, here is a quick overview of the most common forms of depression.

Mild/Minor Depression is the least severe form of depression. Usually the symptoms aren’t so severe that they have a major impact in the life of the sufferer, although the depression can still cause distress and disruption. Many people who are suffering from mild depression never seek treatment – they don’t believe the symptoms are severe enough.

Dysthymic Disorder is a long-term form of mild depression (lasting two or more years). Like mild depression, most sufferers never seek help as they don’t believe their symptoms are severe enough. Also like mild depression, the symptoms of dysthymic depression don’t usually have a huge impact on the sufferers day-to-day life. But when the long-term results from the depression are considered, the impact can be huge. People who suffer from dysthymic depression often can’t remember a time when they weren’t depressed.

Moderate Depression fits somewhere between mild depression and major depression. The symptoms of moderate depression are more severe and numerous than mild depression, and they begin to have an impact on the work, home and social life of the sufferer. While mild depression and dysthymic depression can go unnoticed by others, the symptoms of moderate depression are usually noticeable. If left untreated, people suffering from moderate depression can slip into major depression.

Major Depression (also known as clinical or unipolar depression) is what most people think of when they think of depression – the individual seems to have totally given up on life, and has a large number of obvious symptoms. It is unlikely that someone suffering from major depression could function normally in a work, social or home setting – their symptoms are too pronounced. ******* can be a huge risk with major depression, and professional help needs to be sought to treat the depression.

Bipolar Depression (BPD) is sometimes known as manic-depression, and is characterized by the sufferer having large mood swings from very upbeat and energetic to extreme lows. Both periods normally last for several weeks at a time. Bipolar depression is usually categorized into a number of sub-categories. While there is no firm consensus on how many sub-categories there are, the four most common are Bipolar I Disorder, Bipolar I Disorder, Cyclothymic Disorder and Bipolar NOS.

People with bipolar I disorder have the most extreme mood swings. Their low moods can be classified as major depression, while in their positive moods they can engage in crazy, outrageous and even dangerous activities. During this ‘mania’ state they may even suffer from paranoia or hallucinations.

People with bipolar II disorder have much less extreme mania periods. Indeed, many bipolar II sufferers go untreated because people mistake their ‘mania’ phase for simply getting over their depression. People with bipolar II don’t suffer from paranoia or hallucinations.

Cyclothymic disorder is a milder but much more long-term version of bipolar disorder (usually lasting for two or more years). Like bipolar II the mania phases are relatively minor, but in addition their depressive phases aren’t so severe that they classify as major depression. If left untreated, cyclothymic depression can develop into bipolar II depression.

Finally, Bipolar NOS (Not Otherwise Specified) is a catch-all category for people who have some of the symptoms of bipolar, but those symptoms don’t allow the person to be neatly categorized in one of the three other categories. For example, the sufferer may have fast cycling between the manic and depressive states, or manic states without depressive states.

Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD) is a severe form of Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS) that affects between 3% and 8% of women. Symptoms of depression appear around a week prior to menstruation, and disappear within a few days of menstruation beginning.

Postnatal (Postpartum) Depression can occur any time in the first 12 months after a baby is born. Some form of postnatal depression affects over 80% of new mothers, although most who are affected only have a very mild form of depression that usually passes naturally with rest and the support of family and friends. However around 15% of mothers get a more severe form of postnatal depression, and like major depression the sufferer needs treatment and support to overcome the illness.

Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD) is a type of depression caused by the changing light levels throughout the year. The most common for of SAD is caused by the low-light levels of winter, but a much rarer form of the disorder is triggered by the high-light levels of summer.

As you can see, depression comes in many different forms – each type of depression has different triggers and symptoms associated with it, and each type of depression also responds better to different treatments. By being aware of the different forms depression can take, you can be much more prepared to help a friend of family member.

FREQUENCY OF DEPRESSION IN MIGRAINE HEADACHE

.

AUTHOR:BHURGRIGHULAMRASOOL,BILAWAL,SHAMIM-UR-REHMAN,RAJ KUMAR,ANISREHMAN.

SUMMARY:

In this prospective study migraineous patients were enrolled who wre manifested the symptoms of depression.There was considerable psychiatric morbidity there was necessay find out all migranes aand treated them symptomatically.It proved that we should not bypass the chaces of dpression in cases of migraine especially female patients.

Key words:migraine, depression,psychiatry,males, females,cluster ,tension.

INTRODUCTION:

"Migraine is a mysterious disorder characterized by pulsing headache (feeling of weightage,fullness over forehead),usually restrictedto one side,which comes in attacks lasting 4-48hours and is often associated with nausea,vomiting,sensitivity of light, and sound, vertigo,loosemotions and other symptoms."(Tripathi-2006)

"Migraine is very common type of headache,with a prevalance of 10-12%,migraine ranks 19th among disease" (cephalalgia 2004)

"migraine is a complex disorder inwich many psychological,inviromental,biochemical,neurophysiologic,and genetic factors play a role to tiger attacks. The diagnosis is based on headache characetrized and associated symptoms specified internationl headache society" (westermanCJetal 2003)

"The typical headache is unilateral,throbbing and may be severe.If untreated, the migraine attacks typically lasts 4 to 72 hours. The attacks are usually associated with nausea,vomitting, or sensitivity to sound,light and or movement.In addition to this, migraine with aura is characterized by transient focal neurological symptoms,which are usually visual,and may precede,accompany, or flow the headache attacks."(stewart WF et al 1994)

"Thereare two types of migraine headaches.The first migraine without aura(previously called common migraine) is severe,unilateral,pulsating headache that the typically lasts from 2 to 72 hours.These headaches are often aggrivated by physical activity and accompanied by nausea,vomiting,photophobia(hypersensitivity to light) and phonophobia (hypersensitivity to sound.Approximately 85% of patients with migraine do not have aura.In the second type migraine with aura (previously called classic migraine),the headache preceded by neurological symptoms called auras which can be visual, sensory,and or cause speech or motor disturbances. Most commonly these prodromal symptoms are visual, occuring, approximately 20 to 40 minutes before headache pain begins. In the fifteen percent of migraine patients whose headache is proceded by aura,the aura itself allows diagnosis.The headache itself in migraine with or without auras is similar.For both typesmigraines,woman are three folder more likely thanmen to experience either type of migraine.

Migraine-there is chance for family tenency,females are more affected than male,it develops unilateral,variables in onset,characterized by pulsating,throbing.Cluster-ther in family chance,males are more than females it develops during sleep,at behind or around head,characterized by sharp,steady.

Tension-Type-there is family history,it develops understress,bilateralcharacterized by dull,persistentent type.(Richard D etal 2006)

" Depression may means the symptom of feeling of said, meloncholic or low in spirit, or it may mean the syndrome of depression as characterized by low mood,lack of enjoyment, reduced energy and changes in appetite, sleep and libidpolic.(A.W.CLARE 1998)

"Clinically significant depression is often reffered to is as major cause of disability and of succide.Medically unexplained symptoms that may result from depression include chronic fatigue,chronic wide spread pain,weight loss and conginitive impairment (deprssive pseudodementia).Dpression comorbid with a medical condition magnifies any associated disability,diminishes adherence to medical treatment and rehiltation, and may even shortet life expectancy.Recent research suggests that patients who have a major depressive disorder soon after myocardial infarction or stroke die sooner than who do not even when disease severity is controlled.(lloyd& sharpe MC 2002).

"It is widely accepted that the limbic system has a role in control and expression of emotion.These structures from a reverbrating (papez) cercuit inwhich inputs from various cortical areas,especialy those involving in perception, are fed in together with other inputs from the brain system and spinal cord.Output is mainly from the hypothelmus,through releasing hormone, and the reticular formation and autonomic nuclie of the brain stem. The hypothelmus plays a part in hormonal disturbabce in depression.The reticular formation and autonomic nuclie contol aroused and autonomic function,both of which are often altered in depression.The limbic system also contains sructures involved in the control of memory,depressed patients often express their disorder in terms of adversely disorted recollection of past events.The limbic system may act as a regulatory system for emotional states.Noradrenergic and 5HT neurones abuond in these areas of the brain,and the system’s close link with the LHRA axis provides a pictures how disturbance of these systems might be linked in depression."(cantopher1991).

‘Types of depression.Major depression-It is probably one of the most common forms of depression,lack of interest,walk around with weight of world on his or her shoulder, hopeless atate,lack of interest in sexual activity and less appetite and weightloss.

Atypical Depression-individuals somtimes experience of happiness, but fatigue,oversleeping,overeating weightgain.typical depressio can last for months or a suffer may live with it forever.

Psychotic Depression-Individual of psychotic dpression begin to hear and see imajinory things-sound,voicesand visual that donot exist.

Dysthymia-Individual characterized by sad,blue,or meloncholic.it is a condition that people are not even aware of but just live with daily,feel life is unimportant,dissatisfied,frightened and simply donot enjoy their lives.

Manic depression:It is highly exuted,emotional disorder people who suffer from manic depression have an extremely high rate of succide."(Any Berhman 2004)

METHODS:

We interwiewed after informed consent one hundred and two patients reporting atMedical and the psychiatric outpatients Department at Muhammad Medical College Mirpurkhas sindh,between March 2007 to to April 2008.These patients were screened for presence of depression symptoms in concomittently with migraine/half headache in head.Depressive symptoms were measured through depression scale and clinical interview,weeping,lonlelessness,sadness,confusion main questions were asked during interviewed in cases of migraine.

RESULTS

:There were thirty seven males (36.27%)and sixty five females (63.72%)who were examined during attacks of headache,17(45.9%)patients were manifested depressive symptoms and 43 (66.1%)females were developed symptoms of depression in cases of migraine.

Case Processing Summary

 

Cases

Included

Excluded

Total

N

Percent

N

Percent

N

Percent

Total cases of study * Presence of depression in migraineous female patients

43

42.2%

59

57.8%

102

100.0%

Femal patients in study * Presence of depression in migraineous female patients

43

42.2%

59

57.8%

102

100.0%

Male patients in study * Presence of depression in migraineous female patients

37

36.3%

65

63.7%

102

100.0%

Total cases of study * Presence of depression in migraneous male patients

17

16.7%

85

83.3%

102

100.0%

Femal patients in study * Presence of depression in migraneous male patients

17

16.7%

85

83.3%

102

100.0%

Male patients in study * Presence of depression in migraneous male patients

17

16.7%

85

83.3%

102

100.0%

DISCUSSION:

It was proved that females were more than male in our study.There were 66.1% females,45.9% male depressive symptoms in diagnostic cases of migraines.Majority females patients were malnourished and weeping during taking history and these were main parameters considered depressive symptoms in cases of migranious patients.From summary tables and diagrames it was proved that females were more affected than male in this study.It means that depressive symptoms were more presence in females during interview in this stydy.

"A recent research findings indicated that treatment for both migraine and major depression may benefit patients with both disorder.Astudy was conducted on people with migraine or sever headahes aged between 25to 55.When their psychiatric combordity was assed,resaercher found that the risk of migraine in individuals with pre-existing mjor depression was three times highet than in individuals with no history of major depression.More ever major depression the risk of major depression in people with pre-existing migraine was more than fivefold hiher than in people with no history of headaches.However there were no relation between major depression and other types of severe headaches"(MrMARY Ayres2003)

"Many migraines sufferes have noticed that at times,migraine and depression seems to go together and there is strong evidence to support this,However it is not known whether treating migraine affects depressive symptoms or treating depression affects migraine symptoms"(MMA2008)

"Throbbing migraine headaches and major depression may be related.Infact having one may increase the occurance of other.Migraine sufferers were five times more likely that the headache-free individuals to develop major depression in the study conducted by the Henrry ford Health system.Those who started the study with depression were three times more likely to develop migraines.With major depression was more at risk of suffering a first time migraie than non-dopressed individuals. And people who live with migrains seems to br more at risk for an initial bout of depression.Both disorders are biological linked,possibility with brain chemical or hormones."(PT Staff 2007).

"The overall frequency of recurrent headaches didnot very significantly with age, but girls had headaches are common soatic complaints among Norwegian adolescents,especially among girls"(ZwartJA etal 2004).

"Researchers survey 949 woman with migraine about their history of abuse,deprssion and headaches characteristics,forty percent of woman had chronic headache more than 15 headaches in month,and 72%reported very severeheadache related diability.Physically and sexually abuse was reported in 38%of the womanand 12%reportedboth physical and sexual abuse in the past.The association between migraine and depression is well established, butthe mechanism is un certain.The study found woman with migraine who had major deprssion were twice as likely as a child.If thebabuse coninued age 12 ,the woman with migraine were five times more likely to report depression"(science dily2007).

"Major depression increased the risk of depression,migraine as well same.This bidirectional association,with each disorder increasing the risk for onset of other,was not observed in relation to other severe headaches,both were considered direcly proportional to eachother."(NBreslaw,et al 2003)

It was proved that migraine type of headache bases of depression if it untreated,same mechanism follow the severe cases of depression could lead to migraine type headache.Females were more affected than males.No doubt migranous corelated to depression.

REFERENCES:

Any Behrman (2004)electroboy:a memoir of mania;published by Random House ,16sep2004 types of depression,medical review board.

Nbreslau,schultz,stewart,RBS lipton (2000)’headache and major depression is association specefic to migraine? Neurology 2000 54,308.American Academy of neuology.

Mrs marry ayres ;to relieve the burden of headache by facilitating informed awareness and encouraging resaerch’

Mary kay betz ;having headache-advisor.

N breslau RB lipton stewart 2003,;comorbidity of migraine and depression investigating potential etiology and prognosis,neurology 2003,60-13-12 American Acadamy of neurology.

Science daily(sept-6-2007)’childhood abuse is more common in woman with migraine who suffer depression than in woman with migraine alones’American Acadamy of Neurology.

Zwart JA,Dyb,Hotman TZ,Stovener LJ,SandT 2004’The prevalences of migraine and tension-type among adolsent in Norway.Cephalalgia2004 May,24(5).373-9

K.Dtripathi2003’migraine drug therapy,essentials of medical pharmacology,5th edition,

DP Headache classification subcommittee of the international headache society.2nd edition cephalalgia 2004,24:1-160

Western CJ,Rosina AF,Deveris vde coteau pa,’The prevalences and manifestation of hereditory hemmorrhage telangiectasia,a family screening.AM J Genet A2003 116 324-28.

Stewart WF, Schechter,AR rasssmussin BK’migraine prevalence, a review of population-based studies-neurology 1994-44 817-23.

Richard .Dhowland,marry j,mycek,2006’drugs used in treatment of migraine’,pharmacology,lipponcottes illustered.

A.W,Clare 1998’clinincal medicine,parveen kumar 4th edition psychological medicine

Lloyd GG SHRPEMC Davidson’s priniples and practics of medicine 19th edition 2004 affective mood disorder

T Cantopher Neurology of depression neuroanatomy of depression medicine digest 1998 7-8.

 

Obesity in pets is common nowadays causing real problems. The obesity in pets is due to either over feeding or not providing any exercise to the pets or not providing the right diet. Obesity in pets is also attributed to the modern lifestyles of people, who leave their pets alone in their house, eating for themselves whatever they want and not providing any exercise. Obesity conditions of pets can lead to devastating state of their health like high blood pressure, skin problems, increased risk to diabetes mellitus and heat intolerance resulting in pets facing high risks of heat strokes during hot weathers, risk towards infections and towards anesthesia.

Obesity in cats:

Nearly 25 percent of cats are known to be clinically obese, meaning excess fat accumulation of the body. Not having a check on the cat’s obesity may lead them to the reduction of the cat’s life span. Obese cats are prone to heart diseases, arthritis, skin disorders, fatty liver disease, lower urinary tract diseases, diabetes and cancer. Obesity can lead to or can be a cause for diabetes.

The main reasons for obesity in cats:

Obesity in cats may be due to aging process or due to the breed, or due to genetics which can cause increase in body weight. Mixed breed cats suffer from obesity than pure breeds.

Neutering female and male cats’ bodily functions gets reduced up to 25 percent leading them into obesity. By eating extra calories too, they become obese. Low thyroid hormonal levels also cause obesity.

Obesity in dogs:

The incidence obesity is more when the dogs are owned by an obese person than the dogs owned by a physically fit person. The dog breeds, which are more prone to obesity, are small terriers, cocker spaniels, dachshunds, beagles etc. This does not mean that other dog breeds are not prone to obesity. Any dog, which is lethargic and lies down all the day, is obese. It has been found that around one third of people do not know that their dogs are obese.

The reasons for obesity in dogs:

When dogs are fed on table scraps they become obese as the food cannot be monitored for quality. The food with a good nutritional balance and value has to be provided for their well being rather than feeding scraps of food.

Spayed female dogs are more prone to obesity. Likewise castrated male dogs too are prone to obesity. A dog may be obese due to under active thyroid hormones making it overweight and sluggish. Also when dogs are not provided regular walks and exercise they tend to become obese.

Ways to overcome obesity in pets:

The pets should be provided with good nutritional food with rich protein content and make the weight loss procedure to take its toll gradually. They have to be supplemented with amino acids, vitamins and minerals for regaining their stamina.

Time should be spent with the pets to make them run, jump and do mild exercises to keep them fit. The valuable time spent with the pet can be very relaxing to both the pet and the owner.